把中國(guó)制度優(yōu)勢(shì)更好轉(zhuǎn)化為國(guó)家治理效能

Transforming China’s Institutional Advantages into Effective State Governance
（十九屆四中全會(huì)《決定》學(xué)習(xí)思考）
(Elucidating the “Decision” adopted at the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee)

 
[編者按]十九屆四中全會(huì)是在新中國(guó)成立70周年之際，在“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)歷史交匯點(diǎn)上，召開(kāi)的一次具有開(kāi)創(chuàng)性、里程碑意義的重要會(huì)議，為我們繼續(xù)堅(jiān)定不移地堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系樹(shù)立了信心，也為人類(lèi)探索建設(shè)更好社會(huì)制度貢獻(xiàn)了中國(guó)智慧和中國(guó)方案。為切實(shí)增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)貫徹十九屆四中全會(huì)精神的政治自覺(jué)和思想自覺(jué)，努力掌握習(xí)近平總書(shū)記全會(huì)重要講話(huà)和全會(huì)《決定》的豐富內(nèi)涵和核心要義，中國(guó)翻譯研究院特邀請(qǐng)中共中央黨�？茖W(xué)社會(huì)主義教研部副教授徐浩然進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)解讀，并納入中國(guó)翻譯研究院重點(diǎn)翻譯項(xiàng)目統(tǒng)籌工作機(jī)制進(jìn)行編譯，供業(yè)界及相關(guān)人士參考。
 
        中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十九屆中央委員會(huì)第四次全體會(huì)議（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)：十九屆四中全會(huì)）于2019年10月28日至31日在北京召開(kāi)。全會(huì)由中央政治局主持，中央委員會(huì)總書(shū)記習(xí)近平作了重要講話(huà)。會(huì)議審議通過(guò)了《中共中央關(guān)于堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度、推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》�！稕Q定》反映了對(duì)國(guó)家制度和治理能力的系統(tǒng)性思考，是新時(shí)代堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度、推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的綱領(lǐng)性文件。
       
        中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度是黨和人民在長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐探索中形成的科學(xué)制度體系，中國(guó)國(guó)家治理一切工作和活動(dòng)都依照中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度展開(kāi)，中國(guó)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力是中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度及其執(zhí)行能力的集中體現(xiàn)。

        The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee was held in Beijing from October 28 to 31, 2019. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, made an important speech at the session, which was presided over by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. The session reviewed and adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Upholding and Improving Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Modernizing the State Governance System and Capacity.” Reflecting a systematic thinking on the state governance system and capacity, the decision is a guiding document for upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing state governance system and capacity in the new era. Chinese socialism is a sound system developed by the CPC and the Chinese people through prolonged practices and explorations; it forms the basis for state governance in every field, and is fully represented in the state governance system and capacity.

        堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度、推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的總體目標(biāo)是：到中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立一百年時(shí)，在各方面制度更加成熟更加定型上取得明顯成效；到二〇三五年，各方面制度更加完善，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化；到新中國(guó)成立一百年時(shí)，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，使中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度更加鞏固、優(yōu)越性充分展現(xiàn)。

         The overall objectives of upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the state governance system and capacity are as follows: Accomplishing notable achievements in making the systems in all fields more mature and better-defined by CPC's centenary mark (2021); further refining the the systems in all fields and basically achieving the goal of modernizing the state governance system and capacity by 2035; and fully realizing the goal of modernizing the state governance system and capacity, hence further consolidating Chinese socialism with its strength in full play by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China(2049).

        中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨自成立以來(lái)，團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民，堅(jiān)持把馬克思主義基本原理同中國(guó)具體實(shí)際相結(jié)合，贏得了中國(guó)革命勝利，并深刻總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)外正反兩方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)，不斷探索實(shí)踐、改革創(chuàng)新，建立和完善社會(huì)主義制度，形成和發(fā)展黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會(huì)、生態(tài)文明、軍事、外事等各方面制度，加強(qiáng)和完善國(guó)家治理，取得歷史性成就。這充分說(shuō)明中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系具有多方面的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)，主要體現(xiàn)在：

        Since its establishment, the CPC has united and led the Chinese people to combine the basic principles of Marxism with China's practical realities to achieve victory in the Chinese revolution. It has also thoroughly reflected on the successes and failures from home and abroad, kept exploring new practices, embarked on reform and innovation, and established and improved the socialist system. By forming and developing the systems for Party leadership, the economy, political affairs, culture, social development, ecological progress, national defense, and foreign affairs, the CPC has strengthened and improved its state governance and made historic achievements. This fully demonstrates the strengths of China's state systems and governance that are manifested in many ways, as listed below:

         堅(jiān)持黨的集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持黨的科學(xué)理論，保持政治穩(wěn)定，確保國(guó)家始終沿著社會(huì)主義方向前進(jìn)的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持人民當(dāng)家作主，發(fā)展人民民主，密切聯(lián)系群眾，緊緊依靠人民推動(dòng)國(guó)家發(fā)展的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持全面依法治國(guó)，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國(guó)家，切實(shí)保障社會(huì)公平正義和人民權(quán)利的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持全國(guó)一盤(pán)棋，調(diào)動(dòng)各方面積極性，集中力量辦大事的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持各民族一律平等，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)共同發(fā)展和按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，把社會(huì)主義制度和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持共同的理想信念、價(jià)值理念、道德觀念，弘揚(yáng)中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化、革命文化、社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化，促進(jìn)全體人民在思想上精神上緊緊團(tuán)結(jié)在一起的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷保障和改善民生、增進(jìn)人民福祉，走共同富裕道路的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持改革創(chuàng)新、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，善于自我完善、自我發(fā)展，使社會(huì)充滿(mǎn)生機(jī)活力的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持德才兼?zhèn)洹⑦x賢任能，聚天下英才而用之，培養(yǎng)造就更多更優(yōu)秀人才的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持黨指揮槍?zhuān)�確保人民軍隊(duì)絕對(duì)忠誠(chéng)于黨和人民，有力保障國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持“一國(guó)兩制”，保持香港、澳門(mén)長(zhǎng)期繁榮穩(wěn)定，促進(jìn)祖國(guó)和平統(tǒng)一的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)；堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主和對(duì)外開(kāi)放相統(tǒng)
一，積極參與全球治理，為構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體不斷作出貢獻(xiàn)的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)。

       Upholding the CPC's centralized and unified leadership, maintaining the CPC's scientific theories, guaranteeing political stability, and ensuring that the country follows the socialist path;

        Respecting the people’s status as masters of the country, promoting people’s democracy, maintaining close ties with the people, and relying on the people to drive national development;

         Pursuing law-based governance in all respects in a socialist country that fallows the rule of law, ensures social fairness and justice, and guarantees the rights of the people;

         Motivating all sectors, pooling all resources, and coordinating all our efforts to complete key national undertakings;
     
         Upholding equality between all ethnic groups, fostering a strong sense of national identity, and working together for common prosperity;

         Maintaining the dominant role of public ownership while developing other forms of ownership, and implementing multiple modes of distribution with “to each according to their work” as the principal form; this structure represents an effective combination of the socialist system and the market economy and helps create and unlock additional productive forces;

         Upholding common ideals, values and morals, promoting the best of Chinese traditions, socialist culture and revolutionary heritage, and uniting the nation in shared beliefs and convictions;

         Pursuing a people-centered approach to development that improves quality of life and achieves prosperity for all;

        Implementing further reform and innovation, keeping pace with the times, and pursuing constant self-development, leading to a more vibrant and dynamic society;

        Selecting the best minds across the land based on their integrity and expertise, and preparing talent for the country’s future needs;

        Maintaining CPC leadership over the people’s armed forces, and ensuring their absolute loyalty to the Party and the people and their ability to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and national interests;

         Upholding the principle of “one country, two systems” to maintain lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao and promote the peaceful reunification of China;

         Maintaining independence and self-reliance while opening to the outside world, with more active participation in global governance and a greater contribution to the building of a global community of shared future.

        十九屆四中全會(huì)將中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)概括為“十三個(gè)堅(jiān)持”，這是堅(jiān)定中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信的基本依據(jù)，是強(qiáng)化中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和治理體系的執(zhí)行能力，是把中國(guó)制度優(yōu)勢(shì)更好轉(zhuǎn)化為國(guó)家治理效能，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)、實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興中國(guó)夢(mèng)的有力保證。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系的強(qiáng)大生命力和巨大優(yōu)越性主要表現(xiàn)為五個(gè)基本特性。

         The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee summed up the strengths of Chinese socialism  and the governance system as “13 upholds,” which are the basis for fostering stronger confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of Chinese socialism. They are also strong guarantees for strengthening the implementation of China's state and governance systems, turning China’s institutional advantages into efficient state governance, and thereby achieving the Two Centenial Goals and realizing the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation. The strong vitality and great superiority of Chinese socialism and the state  governance system are shown through five basic characteristics as listed below.

       一是堅(jiān)定的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向性。實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化、實(shí)現(xiàn)共產(chǎn)主義遠(yuǎn)大理想是一代又一代中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人接續(xù)奮斗的目標(biāo)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度在發(fā)展完善過(guò)程中，始終堅(jiān)持黨的集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持黨的科學(xué)理論，保持政治穩(wěn)定，確保國(guó)家始終沿著社會(huì)主義方向前進(jìn)。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義最本質(zhì)的特征是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代國(guó)家治理體系是由經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)等各領(lǐng)域子系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的復(fù)雜大系統(tǒng)，這一體系運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軸心就是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，完成偉大事業(yè)必須靠黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨能不能打仗，新中國(guó)的成立已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了；中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人能不能搞建設(shè)搞發(fā)展，改革開(kāi)放的推進(jìn)也已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了；中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人能不能在日益復(fù)雜的國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境下堅(jiān)持住黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義，還需要一代又一代共產(chǎn)黨人繼續(xù)作出回答。

        I. Unwavering strategic direction. Achieving modernization and the high ideal of communism is the ultimate goal of the Chinese communists, generation after generation. In order to reach this target, China has been persistently upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC, followed the CPC's scientific theories, maintained political stability, and ensured that the country keeps advancing along the socialist path while developing and improving Chinese socialist system. The defining feature of Chinese socialism is the leadership of the CPC, and the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is also the leadership of the CPC. The modern state governance with Chinese characteristics is a complex system, composed of economic, political, societal, and other sub-systems, with the CPC as its axis. As Chinese socialism enters a new era, we must count on the leadership of the CPC for advancing and completing our great cause. The founding of the PRC has made it clear that the CPC is capable of winning in the battle field, and its successful reform and opening up has proved that the Chinese communists are capable of carrying out economic construction and social development. Now, facing increasingly complicated international and domestic environments, the next generations of Chinese communists must show whether they are capable of upholding the Party’s leadership, adhering to and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics.

        二是系統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)域?qū)哟涡�。作為科學(xué)制度體系，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度涵蓋經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會(huì)、生態(tài)、軍事和外事等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，層次清楚、特色鮮明。在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系堅(jiān)持公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)共同發(fā)展和按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，把社會(huì)主義制度和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力。在政治方面，中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系堅(jiān)持人民當(dāng)家作主，發(fā)展人民民主，密切聯(lián)系群眾，緊緊依靠人民推動(dòng)國(guó)家發(fā)展；堅(jiān)持全面依法治國(guó)，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國(guó)家，切實(shí)保障社會(huì)公平正義和人民權(quán)利；堅(jiān)持各民族一律平等，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展；堅(jiān)持“一國(guó)兩制”，保持香港、澳門(mén)長(zhǎng)期繁榮穩(wěn)定，促進(jìn)祖國(guó)和平統(tǒng)一。在文化方面，中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系堅(jiān)持共同的理想信念、價(jià)值理念、道德觀念，弘揚(yáng)中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化、革命文化、社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化，促進(jìn)全體人民在思想上精神上緊緊團(tuán)結(jié)在一起。在社會(huì)方面，中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷保障和改善民生、增進(jìn)人民福祉，走共同富裕道路。在外事和軍事方面，中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主和對(duì)外開(kāi)放相統(tǒng)一，積極參與全球治理，為構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體不斷作出貢獻(xiàn)；確保人民軍隊(duì)忠誠(chéng)于黨和人民，有力保障國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益。面對(duì)復(fù)雜多變的治國(guó)理政新形勢(shì)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義科學(xué)制度體系還通過(guò)實(shí)行最嚴(yán)格的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)制度，全面建立資源高效利用制度，健全生態(tài)保護(hù)和修復(fù)制度以及嚴(yán)明生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)責(zé)任制度等，不斷提升系統(tǒng)完備性、拓展系統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)域?qū)哟巍?br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />  
        II. Extensive and Systematic Coverage. As a scientific system, Chinese socialism covers many fields, including the economy, politics, culture, social and ecological progress, military affairs, and foreign affairs, with clear-defined priorities and distinctive features for each.

        On the economic front, it maintains the dominant role of public ownership while developing other forms of ownership, and implements multiple modes of distribution with “to each according to their work” as the principal form. This structure represents an effective combination of the socialist system and the market economy and helps create and unlock additional productive forces.

        In the political arena, it respects the people’s status as masters of the country, promotes people’s democracy, maintains close ties with the people, and relies on the people to drive national development; it pursues law-based governance in all respects to build a socialist country under the rule of law, ensures social fairness and justice, and guarantees the rights of the people; it upholds equality between all ethnic groups, fosters a strong sense of national identity and work jointly for common prosperity and development; it upholds the principle of “one country, two systems” to maintain lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao, and promotes the peaceful reunification of China.

        In terms of culture, it advocates common ideals, values, and morals, promotes the best of Chinese traditions, socialist culture and revolutionary heritage, and unites the nation in shared beliefs and convictions.
On the social front, it pursues a people-centered approach to development that improves quality of life and achieves prosperity for all.

         In foreign and military affairs, it maintains independence and self-reliance while opening to the outside world, with more active participation in global governance and a greater contribution to the building of a global community of shared future; it ensures the absolute loyalty of the armed forces to the Party and the people and their ability to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and national interests.

         Facing the complex and fast-changing new situation of governing the country, Chinese socialism has been expanded to include a system for eco-environmental conservation and restoration and an accountability system for eco-environmental protection by implementing the most stringent eco-environmental protection mechanism and enabling efficient utilization of resources in an all-round way.

        三是整體的交互協(xié)同性。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系，結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會(huì)等各領(lǐng)域工作，實(shí)際構(gòu)建起一整套相互銜接的根本制度、基本制度和重要制度，制度體系內(nèi)各個(gè)部分不是彼此孤立的，而是交互連通的，具有高度的協(xié)同性。正如鄧小平指出：“社會(huì)主義同資本主義相比較，它的優(yōu)越性就在于能夠做到全國(guó)一盤(pán)棋，集中力量，保證重點(diǎn)。”中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系能夠集中力量辦大事的優(yōu)勢(shì)不斷凸顯，首先是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心作用，這使得做決定有了一個(gè)權(quán)威，避免分散主義。習(xí)近平指出：“黨的歷史、新中國(guó)的發(fā)展歷史表明，要治理好我們這個(gè)大黨、治理好我們這個(gè)大國(guó)，保證黨的團(tuán)結(jié)和集中統(tǒng)一至關(guān)重要，維護(hù)好黨中央權(quán)威至關(guān)重要。黨中央有權(quán)威，黨就有力量。如果黨中央沒(méi)有權(quán)威，黨的理論和路線方針政策可以隨意不執(zhí)行，黨就會(huì)變成一盤(pán)散沙，就會(huì)成為自行其是的’私人俱樂(lè)部’，黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就會(huì)成為一句空話(huà)。”其次，在完善國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系的過(guò)程中，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨始終堅(jiān)持民主集中制，將黨的集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與人民的積極性、主動(dòng)性結(jié)合起來(lái)。在充分發(fā)揚(yáng)民主的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行集中，匯聚全黨智慧、體現(xiàn)全黨意志，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的一大創(chuàng)舉。這樣做，既有利于做到科學(xué)決策、民主決策、依法決策，避免發(fā)生重大失誤甚至顛覆性錯(cuò)誤；又有利于克服分散主義、本位主義，避免議而不決、決而不行，形成推進(jìn)黨和國(guó)家事業(yè)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大合力。

        III. Comprehensive interconnectivity and synergy. Chinese socialism and China’s state governance system is composed of a set of interconnected fundamental, basic, and important systems covering economic, political, cultural, social development and more. The various parts of the system are not isolated from one another but all interconnected with a high degree of synergy. As Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “Compared with capitalism, the advantage of socialism lies in the fact that the whole country can work together to concentrate strength on priority tasks. ” This advantage has become more and more prominent for two reasons.

        First, the core leadership role of the CPC ensures a recognized authority in decision-making, thus avoiding decentralization. As Xi Jinping pointed out, “The CPC's history and the PRC’s course of development have proved that to govern this political party and this vast country, we must ensure solidarity, centralization, and unity of the CPC, and safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee. When the CPC Central Committee has authority, the Party has strength. If the CPC Central Committee had no authority, the Party’s theories, guidelines and policies could not have been implemented, the Party would have become fragmented and become a 'private club’, turning the Party’s leadership into empty voices.”

        Second, in the process of improving China's state and governance systems, the CPC has upheld democratic centralism and combined the Party’s centralized and unified leadership with the enthusiasm and initiative of the people. It is one of the many pioneering undertakings of the CPC to centralize on the basis of fully promoting democracy, to pull together all the wisdom and embody the will of the whole Party. In doing so, it is not only conducive to well-informed, democratic, and law-based decision-making while avoiding major or even subversive mistakes, it is also conducive to overcoming fragmentation and a silo mentality, averting discussions without decisions and decisions without actions, and forming a powerful joint force for the development of the Party and the state.

         四是發(fā)展的自變適應(yīng)性。堅(jiān)持改革創(chuàng)新、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，善于自我完善、自我發(fā)展，使社會(huì)充滿(mǎn)生機(jī)活力是中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系的形成并不是一蹴而就的，而是根據(jù)內(nèi)外部環(huán)境變化、不斷發(fā)展完善自身的過(guò)程。在這一過(guò)程中，由于有實(shí)事求是的思想路線作為正確引導(dǎo)，有民主集中制作為體制保證，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了內(nèi)外部物質(zhì)與信息的交流互動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了自身的新陳代謝，革除了舊的、不適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的體制機(jī)制，建立起新的體制機(jī)制，使中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系更加具有活力，充滿(mǎn)動(dòng)力，同時(shí)也使馬克思主義理論不斷豐富發(fā)展。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)作為前無(wú)古人的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性事業(yè)，前進(jìn)道路不可能一帆風(fēng)順。事業(yè)越發(fā)展、改革越深入，新情況新問(wèn)題就會(huì)越多，面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)就會(huì)越多，面對(duì)的不可預(yù)料的事情就會(huì)越多。因此，必須堅(jiān)持馬克思主義的發(fā)展觀點(diǎn)，發(fā)揮歷史的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性，銳意進(jìn)取、大膽探索，不斷有所發(fā)現(xiàn)、有所創(chuàng)造、有所前進(jìn)。推進(jìn)全面深化改革，既要保持中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系的穩(wěn)定性和延續(xù)性，又要抓緊制定完善國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化急需的制度、滿(mǎn)足人民對(duì)美好生活新期待的制度，推動(dòng)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度不斷自我完善和發(fā)展、永葆生機(jī)活力。

        IV.  Proactive adaptability in development. Implementing further reform and innovation, keeping pace with the times, and pursuing constant self-development to bring about a more vibrant and dynamic society are some of the strengths of China's state and governance systems. Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the governance system are not institutionalized overnight,; they are established through a lasting process of development and improvement in line with the changes of the internal and external environment. With seeking truth from facts as the ideological guidance and democratic centralism as the institutional guarantee in this process, Chinese socialist system and the state governance system have successfully revamped themselves through exchange and interaction of internal and external resources and information, and the replacement of outdated institutional mechanisms that no longer respond to changing circumstances with new ones. This adaptability not only makes China's state and governance systems more dynamic and vigorous, but also enriches the theory of Marxism. Blazing the trail in the cause of developing Chinese socialism would not be a smooth undertaking. With further development and reform, more unknown situations and problems will arise, along with more risks, challenges, and unforeseeable happenings. Therefore, the CPC must adhere to the Marxist vision of development, give full play to people’s initiative and creativity that would shape history, forge ahead with a daring mind, and make constant discoveries, innovations and advances. To further reform in an all-around way, the Party should not only maintain stability and continuity of the socialist system and state governance, it also needs to speed up the process of formulating and improving institutions that are urgently needed for modernizing the nation’s governance system and capacity, and meet people’s new expectations for a better life. By doing so, it will push the Chinese socialist system to continue to improve and develop with lasting vigor and vitality.

        五是廣泛的開(kāi)放包容性。制度的實(shí)質(zhì)，即在于塑造人類(lèi)社會(huì)關(guān)系的、穩(wěn)定的秩序結(jié)構(gòu)，促進(jìn)人口以及各資源要素在不同層次之間的流動(dòng)。中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和國(guó)家治理體系堅(jiān)持德才兼?zhèn)�、選賢任能，聚天下英才而用之，培養(yǎng)造就更多更優(yōu)秀人才；堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主和對(duì)外開(kāi)放相統(tǒng)一，積極參與全球治理，為構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體不斷作出貢獻(xiàn)。今天，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大潮滾滾向前，新科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革深入發(fā)展，全球治理體系深刻重塑，國(guó)際格局加速演變，和平發(fā)展大勢(shì)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。人類(lèi)交往的世界性比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都更深入、更廣泛，各國(guó)相互聯(lián)系和彼此依存比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都更頻繁、更緊密，和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏已成為時(shí)代潮流。馬克思、恩格斯指出：“各民族的原始封閉狀態(tài)由于日益完善的生產(chǎn)方式、交往以及因交往而自然形成的不同民族之間的分工消滅得越是徹底，歷史也就越是成為世界歷史。”歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)日益證明這個(gè)預(yù)言的科學(xué)價(jià)值。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系是馬克思主義和中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，在其發(fā)展完善的過(guò)程中，開(kāi)放包容性始終是其顯著特性。中共十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)人民始終不渝走和平發(fā)展道路，推進(jìn)“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作，推動(dòng)建設(shè)相互尊重、公平正義、合作共贏的新型國(guó)際關(guān)系，積極參與引領(lǐng)全球治理體系改革和建設(shè)。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的開(kāi)放包容性使其在形成并不斷發(fā)展完善的過(guò)程中能夠充分吸收、借鑒人類(lèi)文明和中國(guó)古代文明的發(fā)展成果，吸取、反思國(guó)外推進(jìn)治理現(xiàn)代化和國(guó)際共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。因此，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度和國(guó)家治理體系的形成發(fā)展過(guò)程并非是在因循守舊下安之若素，而是在承納衍化中推陳出新。

         V. Openness and inclusiveness. Institutions essentially exist to shape a stable order and structure for human social relations, and facilitate the movement of people, resources and other elements in society across its various strata. China's state and governance systems select the best minds across the land based on their integrity and expertise, and prepares talent for the country’s future needs. It also maintains independence and self-reliance while opening to the outside world, with more active participation in global governance and a greater contribution to the building of a global community of shared future. Today, against the backdrop of economic globalization, a new round of technological and industrial revolution is unfolding, the system of global governance is being profoundly reshaped, and the international landscape is evolving at a faster pace. However, peace and development remain the irreversible trend of our times. Human exchanges are more profound and extensive than ever before, while countries are more frequently and closely connected and interdependent than at any time in the past. Peace, development and win-win cooperation have become the trend of the times. Marx and Engels point out that the more the original isolation of the separate nationalities is destroyed by the developed mode of production and intercourse and the division of labor between various nations naturally brought forth by these, the more history becomes world history. History and current reality have attested to the scientific value of this inference. Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the state  governance system are the results of the integration of Marxism and China's reform and opening up. The open and inclusive nature has remained their prominent feature over the course of development and improvement. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Chinese people have unwaveringly followed the path of peace and development, promoted international cooperation along the Belt and Road, created a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation, and actively participated in the reform and development of the global governance system. Thanks to its open and inclusive nature, socialism with Chinese characteristics can draw extensively on the achievements of human civilization, in particular ancient Chinese civilization, and learn from and reflect on the lessons of foreign countries in modernizing their governance as well as the lessons of the international communist movement. Therefore, the formation and development of the Chinese socialist system and the state governance system do not stay unchanged. They constantly keep evolving.

         堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義行政體制，構(gòu)建堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度、推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的一項(xiàng)重大戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。十九屆四中全會(huì)鮮明提出“十三個(gè)堅(jiān)持和完善”，為順利實(shí)現(xiàn)這一任務(wù)提供了科學(xué)指南。具體包括：堅(jiān)持和完善黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制度體系，提高黨科學(xué)執(zhí)政、民主執(zhí)政、依法執(zhí)政水平；堅(jiān)持和完善人民當(dāng)家作主制度體系，發(fā)展社會(huì)主義民主政治；堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義法治體系，提高黨依法治國(guó)、依法職責(zé)明確、依法行政的政府治理體系；堅(jiān)持和完善社會(huì)主義基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展；堅(jiān)持和完善繁榮發(fā)展社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化的制度，鞏固全體人民團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的共同思想基礎(chǔ)；堅(jiān)持和完善統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)的民生保障制度，滿(mǎn)足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的美好生活需要；堅(jiān)持和完善共建共治共享的社會(huì)治理制度，保持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、維護(hù)國(guó)家安全；堅(jiān)持和完善生態(tài)文明制度體系，促進(jìn)人與自然和諧共生；堅(jiān)持和完善黨對(duì)人民軍隊(duì)的絕對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制度，確保人民軍隊(duì)忠實(shí)履行新時(shí)代使命任務(wù)；堅(jiān)持和完善“一國(guó)兩制”制度體系，推進(jìn)祖國(guó)和平統(tǒng)一；堅(jiān)持和完善獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體；堅(jiān)持和完善黨和國(guó)家監(jiān)督體系，強(qiáng)化對(duì)權(quán)力運(yùn)行的制約和監(jiān)督。

         Upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the state governance system and capacity is an important strategic task for the CPC. The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee explicitly puts forward 13 aspects that we must uphold and improve to guide us to fulfill the task. The 13 aspects include:

        1. Upholding and improving socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the state governance system and capacity.

        2. Upholding and improving the systems and institutions for CPC leadership, with enhanced capacity for the CPC to exercise power based on informed decisions, democratic process and the rule of law.

        3. Upholding and improving the systems and institutions that ensure the people are masters of their own country, with continuous progress in socialist democracy.

        4. Upholding and improving the rule of law under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and enhancing the CPC's capacity as the ruling party to pursue law-based governance.

        5. Upholding and improving the administrative system under socialism with Chinese characteristics, in a structure that ensures clearly defined duties and responsibilities and law-based administration.

        6. Upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system with the focus on quality growth.

        7. Upholding and improving the systems that promote the best of socialist culture so that the whole nation is united under shared beliefs and goals.

        8. Upholding and improving social systems for urban and rural residents to satisfy the growing expectations for a better life.

        9. Upholding and improving social governance based on collaboration and broad participation, with the goal of benefiting all and ensuring social stability and national security.

       10. Upholding and improving the systems to promote eco-civilization so that humanity can live in harmony with nature.

        11. Upholding and improving the CPC's absolute leadership over the people’s armed forces so that they can fulfill their mission in the new era.

        12. Upholding and improving “one country, two systems” to promote peaceful reunification of the Chinese nation.

        13. Upholding and improving the independent foreign policy of peace and promoting a global community of shared future.

         加強(qiáng)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度、推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，是中國(guó)國(guó)家制度和治理體系得以鞏固和不斷完善發(fā)展的強(qiáng)有力政治保障。只有在黨中央統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下科學(xué)謀劃、精心組織，遠(yuǎn)近結(jié)合、整體推進(jìn)，十九屆四中全會(huì)所確定的各項(xiàng)目標(biāo)任務(wù)才能全面落實(shí)到位。各級(jí)黨委和政府以及各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部需要切實(shí)強(qiáng)化制度意識(shí)，帶頭維護(hù)制度權(quán)威，做制度執(zhí)行的表率，帶動(dòng)全黨全社會(huì)自覺(jué)尊崇制度、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行制度、堅(jiān)決維護(hù)制度。加強(qiáng)制度理論研究和宣傳教育，引導(dǎo)全黨全社會(huì)充分認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的本質(zhì)特征和優(yōu)越性，堅(jiān)定制度自信。推動(dòng)廣大干部嚴(yán)格按照制度履行職責(zé)、行使權(quán)力、開(kāi)展工作，提高推進(jìn)“五位一體”總體布局和“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局等各項(xiàng)工作能力和水平。

        CPC’s leadership in upholding and improving Chinese socialism and modernizing the state governance system and capacity is a strong political guarantee for consolidating and continuously improving China's state and governance systems. Only by sound planning, meticulous organization, the combination of long-term and short-term policies, and pushing ahead on all fronts under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, can all the goals and tasks set by the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee be fully implemented and accomplished. Party committees, governments at all levels and their leading officials must have a stronger awareness of the systems, lead by example in safeguarding the authority of and enforcing the systems, and call upon the whole Party and the society to honor, enforce and safeguard the systems. The Party should strengthen theoretical research and education of the systems, guide the whole Party and the society to fully understand the defining feature and strengths of Chinese socialism, and remain highly confident in our systems. The CPC should urge all Party members to strictly act in line with the systems to fulfill their duties, exercise the power of office, and carry out their tasks, thus enhancing their capacities and standards in implementing the “Five-sphere Integrated Plan” and the “Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy”.